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Actos Bladder Cancer Lawsuits Notice

By admin | Published January 27, 2012

Actos Bladder Cancer Lawsuits : The incidence of bladder cancer has risen over the past 20 years. Currently, around 54 500 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed in the USA each year, and 15 000 cases in the UK. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men in the USA and the tenth most common in women. It is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death, accounting for about 10 000 deaths annually in the USA and 5000 in the UK.

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The incidence of bladder cancer varies among different patient groups. For example, there is a 3:1 male-to-female ratio, though the prevalence among women appears to be rising.

The incidence is higher in elderly populations, with a median age at presentation of 60-65 years. No evidence exists for a familial or inherited pattern among any patient group, although occasional family clusters have been recorded. In black people the incidence is lower than in white people; in Asian races it appears to be intermediate. The lifetime risk of developing bladder cancer is:

  • 2.8% for white men
  • 0.9% for black men
  • 1.0% for white women
  • 0.6% for black women.

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Five-year survival for both black and white people during the period 1986-92 (60% and 82%, respectively) was significantly better than the equivalent rates for 1974-76 (47% and 74%, respectively; p < 0.05). It is not really known why there are substantial ethnic differences in incidence and prognosis, although putative factors include differences in diet and nutritional status, differences in gene expression (especially of enzymes that may metabolize carcinogens) and differential access to healthcare.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Bladder Cancer Lawsuits is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Bladder Cancer Lawsuits

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Actos Lawyers Resource

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Lawyers : Occupational exposure may account for up to 20% of bladder cancers. Those exposed to aniline dyes (used to color fabrics), aldehydes (used in chemical dyes and in the rubber and textile industries) and those using organic chemicals (used in a wide range of occupations) are all at increased risk. Individuals previously treated with radiation to the pelvis or having received cyclophosphamide (a type of chemotherapy) are at markedly increased risk for developing bladder cancer. If your well water is high in arsenic, your risk may also be increased. Studies have also correlated obesity and a high fat diet, especially with increased cholesterol, as a possible contributing factor.

Surprisingly, the answer may be yes. In a recent study, the relationship of diet to cancer was analyzed in a group of47,000 health professionals.[1] In the case of bladder cancer, those who drank the most fluid (greater than 10 cups/day) had half the risk as those who drank the least (less than 5 cups/day). The type of nonalcoholic beverage was less important than the total amount.

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Although there have been clusters of bladder cancer reported, most researchers believe these may be secondary to risk factors such as smoking and exposure to carcinogens. At this time, there is no convincing evidence bladder cancer risk is hereditary. If an environmental factor caused your cancer and your children are exposed as well, their risk of cancer may be increased. The basic building block of the body is the cell. Cells are specialized to perform a particular function. Skin cells are distinctly different from liver cells which are different from bladder cells. An organ is composed of various cells working in unison to carry out a body function. Cells eventually get old and die. New cells are created by cell division. When cells are behaving normally, they only generate enough new cells to replace the old dying ones. Occasionally, cell growth becomes unchecked. As the cells continue to divide, a tumor (abnormal growth of cells) may form. Such tumors may be benign (no ability to spread beyond their organ of origin) or cancerous (a malignant tumor with the ability to spread beyond their organ of origin and cause harm and possibly death).

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Cell growth is closely regulated by genes which are composed of DNA located in the command center of the cell, the nucleus. When the genes become defective, cell growth can become unregulated, and tumors can develop. Oncogenes, also called cancer genes, can be activated, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth. Other genes which help prevent abnormal cell growth called tumor suppressor genes may be inactivated. Genes can be activated which enhance the tumor cell’s ability to spread throughout the body. The body’s immune system is a critical safeguard against the formation of cancerous tumors, often destroying the abnormal cells before they have a chance to grow and divide.

Cancer cells can spread throughout the body. They can spread through the lymphatic system, composed of lymph channels and lymph nodes, or distantly to other organs or the skeleton via the blood stream (hematogenous spread). In the case of bladder cancer, the cells can also spread by being carried in the urine and implanting in other locations in the urinary tract.

Larger tumors are more likely to spread than smaller tumors. Another critical concern is the grade of the tumor. Normal cells are specialized, differentiated to perform specific function, and have a typical structural arrangement with surrounding cells. As cancers worsen, the cells become less specialized, less differentiated, and lose their normal structural arrangement, resulting in a higher pathologic grade.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawyers is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Cancer Updates

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Cancer : Radiation therapy for bladder cancer is commonly deliv­ered with a machine that focuses an invisible external beam on die area that requires treatment. The procedure is painless and similar to having an ordinary X-ray done. In the usual approach, your doctors will use your CT scan as a road map of your abdomen and pelvis to pinpoint your tumor and aim the beam at it. In another type of radiotherapy, doc­tors implant a small pellet or needle of radioactive material directly into your cancer. (This is rarely used for bladder cancer these days.)

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When radiation is used alone or with chemotherapy, there is an increased likelihood that your other organs, such as the prostate and uterus, will remain functional, as does your ability to void urine normally and have sex. The intention when chemotherapy ^¿radiotherapy are given is usually to improve the chances of curing the cancer while preserving the bladder and avoiding the need to remove it surgically. This area is still somewhat controversial; some physicians believe that this approach is nearly as effective as surgical removal of the bladder, but others feel that cystec­tomy is the best treatment. The decision of which treatment to pursue depends in part upon the physical fitness of the patient as well as upon the patients personal preferences.

Radiotherapy is not without side effects. Radiation can scar bladder tissue, and the scarring can reduce the amount of urine your bladder can hold as the bladder wall becomes less distensible. As a result you may experience an increase in the number of times you have to urinate, which can be irritating, especially at night. You also may experience an increase in bouts of cystitis.

There has been much discussion in the medical commu­nity about whether the results achieved by radiotherapy are the same as those from cystectomy with respect to achieving cure. We think that when one considers all types of blad­der cancer, in the hands of a highly experienced urologist who specializes in this operation, cystectomy gives better results than radiotherapy. However, there are some patients, particularly those with other significant medical conditions, who will benefit from radiotherapy, despite the possibility of a lower chance of permanent cure. In some centers, such as Massachusetts General Hospital, where the techniques of chemo radio therapy and bladder preservation have been piloted, a urologist will perform a cystoscopy about halfway through the planned course of radiotherapy. If the tumor is shrinking well, radiotherapy will be completed. However, if it appears that the cancer is not responding to radiother­apy, the plan will be abandoned and replaced with a radical cystectomy.

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There are no absolute guidelines for follow-up after cystec­tomy. What is right for you will depend on your situation: the type of urinary diversion system you have, whether you received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and what, if any, side effects you are dealing with. A reasonable guide for follow-up, however, is to expect a physical exam, chest X-ray, urine test, and blood work every three months for the first year, every four months for the next two years, and then twice a year for life. We usually recom­mend an annual CT or MRI for the first five years at least.

As with superficial cancer, if you have any of the symp­toms discussed in chapter 1, check in with your doctor. Call your doctor if you have blood in your urine or an increase in the urge or frequency of urination. It might be an infec­tion, but the best thing to do is to make contact without unnecessary delay.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Cancer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Lawsuit Action

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Lawsuits : The stage is very important in determining the treatment that you will receive. There is a good barrier between the urothelium and the muscle of the bladder wall. If the tumor is kept within this barrier, the tumor can usually be completely removed with a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) (Question 38). If the tumor has become more aggressive, it may figure out how to pass through this barrier. When the tumor has gotten through the protective layer, it becomes much more likely to spread outside of the bladder to other organs or lymph nodes. Once the tumor has gotten through the urothelium, simple scraping of the tumor is not likely to get all of the tumor out, and further therapy will be necessary—either surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. The option that you and your doctor choose will depend on the extent of spread of the tumor and your overall health status.

Over the years, several different systems have been used to stage cancers. In an effort to ease confusion between different systems, doctors around the world met and decided to create a new staging system that would be relevant for all different types of cancer. This system is called TNM. The letters stand for Tumor size, lymph Node status, and the extent of Metastases.

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“Upper tract studies” are evaluations that your doctor does of your kidneys and ureters. The lining of the bladder is the urothelium. The same urothelium also lines the ureters and the inside of the kidneys. The kidneys and the ureters are then also potential locations of transitional cell cancer. The study that your doctor chooses depends on his or her personal opinion as well as the availability of each test at your hospital. Even if the upper tract study is negative, you will likely need to repeat the studies periodically. Patients with low-grade tumors have a low risk (approximately 2%) of developing upper tract tumors. The presence of a high-grade tumor or of diffuse carcinoma in situ, however, carries up to a 40% lifetime risk of developing an upper tract tumor.

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An ultrasound is often the easiest test to obtain and is therefore popular as a first study. Ultrasound technology generates sound waves and then measures their reflections off of internal structures to produce an image. The same imaging is used for obstetric ultrasounds to produce an image of the fetus. There is no radiation with an ultrasound. An ultrasound is very good for showing tumors and stones in the kidneys and for showing obstruction of the ureter causing hydronephrosis. It is not as good for showing small tumors inside the ureter or renal pelvis, and thus a second kind of study is usually needed in addition to the ultrasound.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawsuits is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Lawyer Data

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Lawyer: Approximately twenty percent of patients with bladder cancer will complain of irritative voiding symptoms. These symptoms include urinary urgency (a need to rush to the bathroom), burning and urinary frequency. These same symptoms are present in other urologic conditions such as infection, bladder instability and prostatic enlargement in men. These symptoms are most commonly associated with a diffuse superficial form of transitional cell cancer of the bladder called CIS (carcinoma in situ). Unfortunately for some, their diagnosis may be delayed since these symptoms are present in so many other diseases.

Cystoscopy (examination of the bladder) is usually the first step in making the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Given the signs and symptoms suggesting bladder cancer, or an X ray or ultrasound revealing a possible bladder tumor, cystoscopy is a must. Cystoscopy can be accomplished with either a flexible cystoscope or a rigid scope. The flexible cystoscope is composed of small optical fibers encased by a plastic sheath. A rigid scope has glass lenses within a metal sheath. Both cystoscopes are passed directly through the urethra into the bladder to visualize the inside surface. Cystoscopy can be accomplished in both the urologist’s office or as an outpatient at a hospital or surgicenter.

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The flexible cystoscope is easier and less painful to pass, especially for males whose urethra is longer and more tortuous than in females. Flexible cystoscopy is readily accomplished in the doctor’s office. A lubricant is applied to the scope to ease passage. Local anesthesia can be squirted into the urethra prior to passing the scope. Discomfort from the cystoscope is usually well tolerated and short in duration. The discomfort usually lasts a few seconds as the scope is passed through the prostate. At that time, you may feel a pressure sensation. In females, passage of the scope is quick and relatively painless.

During the exam, your bladder will be filled with sterile water to allow complete visualization of all the surfaces. You may feel like you have to urinate. During flexible cystoscopy, small biopsies can be obtained. Any bleeding from the biopsy site is readily controlled. The biopsy and cauterization will cause pain for a few seconds. A mild oral sedative can be taken prior to an exam, but is generally not necessary. An entire examination may take only a few minutes. If biopsies are done, the exam will be a little longer. Flexible cystoscopy is very convenient. You can drive yourself to and from the office. After the exam, you can generally go right back to work. If a tumor is found that is too large to treat with a flexible cystoscope, you will be scheduled for an additional procedure at a hospital or surgicenter.

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The rigid cystoscope, although easy to pass in a female is difficult to pass without sedation in a male. The rigid cystoscope allows for generous biopsy specimens and removal of small tumors. Cystoscopy therefore can provide for both diagnosis and treatment at the same time. If a large cancer is found, removal with a resectoscope can be used to remove it at the same time. If multiple biopsies or resection of a cancer is done, spinal or general anesthesia may be required. Since rigid cystoscopy generally causes more discomfort than flexible cystoscopy and requires more anesthetic, you can expect to be out of work at least one day. In addition, someone will need to drive you home from the surgicenter or hospital.

If you are being initially screened for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a urologist will often choose flexible cystoscopy as the first step. He is not certain whether or not you have a bladder cancer or other condition causing the hematuria. Flexible cystoscopy will provide that answer in a less time consuming, less painful and more cost effective way than rigid cystoscopy. On the other hand, if there is a high likelihood a tumor is present, it makes sense to do rigid cystoscopy and if required, resection all at one setting. If you are experiencing gross hematuria, flexible cystoscopy does not provide adequate visualization, and rigid cystoscopy is warranted. Many urologists use both types of cystoscopes, but some do not have the flexible cystoscope in their office.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Lawyer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Litigation Advice

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Litigation: A good starting point is your primary care physician. He will generally have a number of specialists to whom he generally refers his urology patients. If the primary care physician has been working with these urologists, he should have an appreciation of their skills and temperament. However, this does not mean he is referring you necessarily to the best available urologist in your area. His choices may be limited by insurance or hospital networks. An excellent source of information would be nurses who work in the operating room, recovery room or on the surgical floor where the urologist does his surgery. Asking friends or other individuals who have had experience with the urologist can also prove useful. After a little digging, you can often quickly learn what type of reputation the urologist has in the community. Generally, if an established urologist has a “good reputation” this is an indication that he has pleased many individuals with his care.

Given the litigious society we live in, most physicians can face at least one malpractice lawsuit during their careers. In urology, two of the most common causes of litigation would be a surgical mishap leading to a complication, or failure to diagnose cancer in a timely fashion.

Medicine is based on science, but also is an “art.” Individuals do not walk into their physicians offices with a diagnosis and treatment plan always readily apparent. Even the best intentioned, thorough physician will make mistakes. Most of these errors do not result in harm. On occasion they do, and a law suit may follow. If a physician develops a good working relationship with a patient, these bad outcomes more often than not are acknowledged and accepted without legal entanglement. Competent, busy physicians may be dealing with a higher mix of complicated patients, leading to a higher number of potential suits. Physicians who have poor “bed side manner” may find themselves dealing with more suits. If a physician has an inordinate number of suits, “red flags” should go up, as competency may be an issue.

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Medical information is scrutinized in journals and reviewed at conferences. The newest treatment regimens for advanced cancer are explored in clinical trials to determine their efficacy and safety. It is only after they are proven that they become adopted as standard practice by most physicians. For the vast majority of individuals with bladder cancer, excellent, comprehensive treatment can be obtained at the local level. For those requiring more specialized care or for those unfortunate individuals with advanced cancer who desire experimental therapy via a clinical trial for their cancer, a referral to the appropriate center may be appropriate.

Given the monetary pressures in today’s medical practice, some physicians are over booked and cannot see the allotted number of patients scheduled without delays. The theory behind this schedule is the expectation that a number of patients will not show for their appointment, allowing the physician to stay true to the schedule and not fall behind.

However, sometimes all of the patients do show, and the physician is delayed. Even with a carefully thought out schedule, emergencies may arise and some visits unexpectedly take longer than scheduled. The physician wants to devote the time and attention required for each individual. After all, you also expect the same time and attention during your visit. Even the most conscientious physician may find himself running behind in a busy medical practice. This lateness should be recognized by the physician who will often acknowledge it with an apology. If you find it distressing to wait more than fifteen minutes (a reasonable time to wait), you should discuss your feelings with your physician, who often can arrange an appointment at the beginning of the schedule when he will almost be guaranteed to be on time.

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You may need a second opinion if you are not doing well and your physician is unable to provide satisfactory explanations and solutions. Occasionally, your urologist may recommend a second opinion if your problem is unusual or particularly complicated. Having a physician you can trust is mandatory when dealing with cancer. Don’t let anyone pressure you into a second opinion if you feel confident in your physician’s abilities. On the other hand, if you are uncomfortable with your progress or a treatment recommendation, if you are not satisfied with the explanations given to you, don’t hesitate to seek out a second opinion. Your urologist should not feel threatened by this request as he wants you to feel comfortable with the plan of action. Only by partnering with your physician can he be most effective.

Cancer unfortunately is a common disease affecting almost all animals. People are equally susceptible; approximately one in three will be afflicted at some time in their life. In this chapter, we will review basic information regarding the bladder, bladder cancer, and cancer in general, including what causes it and some parameters used to determine how serious it is. A bladder stores urine and expels it at a convenient time. The bladder is a very useful organ, (tissues working together to accomplish a function), but an individual can live a normal life without one, if required, by surgical creation of a substitute. Bladder cancer can vary from the non serious, low grade superficial type (approximately 70%), to the invasive, aggressive type that can spread and prove to be fatal (approximately 30%). 5% of bladder cancer is accounted for by squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is usually secondary to long term inflammation or infection of the bladder. Even rarer is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for less than 2% of all bladder cancers. More than 90% of bladder cancers arise from the lining bladder cells called transitional cells. Bladder cancer is almost always transitional cell cancer. These cells are also present in the urethra (the body tube which drains the bladder), as well as the renal pelvis (inner lining of the kidneys), and the ureters (the body tube draining the kidneys).

Our use of the term or terms Actos Litigation is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Side Effects Scoop

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos Side Effects :

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE BLADDER?

A bladder stores urine and expels it at a convenient time. The bladder is a very useful organ, (tissues working together to accomplish a function), but an individual can live a normal life without one, if required, by surgical creation of a substitute.

 

ARE THERE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLADDER CANCER?

More than 90% of bladder cancers arise from the lining bladder cells called transitional cells. Bladder cancer is almost always transitional cell cancer. These cells are also present in the urethra (the body tube which drains the bladder), as well as the renal pelvis (inner lining of the kidneys), and the ureters (the body tube draining the kidneys).

Bladder cancer can vary from the non serious, low grade superficial type (approximately 70%), to the invasive, aggressive type that can spread and prove to be fatal (approximately 30%).

5% of bladder cancer is accounted for by squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is usually secondary to long term inflammation or infection of the bladder. Even rarer is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for less than 2% of all bladder cancers.

HOW COMMON IS BLADDER CANCER?

The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2006,61,420 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States with approximately 73% of those occurring in men. In the same year, this cancer caused approximately 13,060 deaths with approximately two out of three of those being in men. The disease is more common in whites than blacks. The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age in both sexes. When bladder cancer occurs in young people, it tends to grow slower and not be as serious. In men, it is the fourth most common cancer. However, because of the rate of recurrences and long term survival, it is the second most prevalent cancer in middle aged and elderly men. In women, it is the eighth most common cancer. The average age at diagnosis is 65. Over the past decade, there has been both an increased incidence, but also an increased rate of survival for bladder cancer [1]

WHAT CAUSED MY CANCER?

A mutation is a disruption in the DNA of a cell, leading to a loss of regulated cell growth. Mutations can occur spontaneously as we age. It is truly amazing that all of us don’t develop cancer as we are composed of trillions of cells dividing regularly over decades. Fortunately, our cells have repair mechanisms which can often fix damaged cells before cancer arises. In addition, the immune system can destroy cancer cells before they have a chance to grow into tumors.

Mutations and cancer can also be triggered by environmental factors. Certain chemicals have been identified to be particularly effective at inducing mutations in our DNA and subsequent cancer. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Smoking is the most common culprit! Cigarette smoking has a strong link with bladder cancer. Studies have shown approximately 50% of bladder cancer is secondary to tobacco smoke. Smoking releases dozens of carcinogens into the lungs and then into the blood stream. Many of these carcinogens are excreted by the kidneys.

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IT IS TOO DIFFICULT TO QUIT SMOKING; IS THERE ANY SURE FIRE WAY TO QUIT?

Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, an extremely addictive chemical. Men overall find it easier to quit smoking than women. When facing the prospects of losing your bladder to cancer or possibly your life, most individuals will become convinced and many simply stop smoking “cold turkey.” Unfortunately, many choose not to quit until their cancer repeatedly recurs or becomes invasive, needlessly placing their health at risk. For those who need assistance in quitting, nicotine patches, gum, and lozenges are all available over the counter. These products allow the smoker to quit without experiencing the discomfort of withdrawal from nicotine. Many smokers also find hypnosis or support groups useful. In addition, prescription medication is available.

ARE THERE ANY OTHER KNOWN CAUSES?

Occupational exposure may account for up to 20% of bladder cancers. Those exposed to aniline dyes (used to color fabrics), aldehydes (used in chemical dyes and in the rubber and textile industries) and those using organic chemicals (used in a wide range of occupations) are all at increased risk. Individuals previously treated with radiation to the pelvis or having received cyclophosphamide (a type of chemotherapy) are at markedly increased risk for developing bladder cancer. If your well water is high in arsenic, your risk may also be increased. Studies have also correlated obesity and a high fat diet, especially with increased cholesterol, as a possible contributing factor.

CAN I HELP TO PREVENT BLADDER CANCER BY DRINKING MORE FLUIDS?

Surprisingly, the answer may be yes. In a recent study, the relationship of diet to cancer was analyzed in a group of47,000 health professionals.[1] In the case of bladder cancer, those who drank the most fluid (greater than 10 cups/day) had half the risk as those who drank the least (less than 5 cups/day). The type of nonalcoholic beverage was less important than the total amount.

WILL MY CHILDREN BE AT HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING BLADDER CANCER?

Although there have been clusters of bladder cancer reported, most researchers believe these may be secondary to risk factors such as smoking and exposure to carcinogens. At this time, there is no convincing evidence bladder cancer risk is hereditary. If an environmental factor caused your cancer and your children are exposed as well, their risk of cancer may be increased.

WHAT IS CANCER?

The basic building block of the body is the cell. Cells are specialized to perform a particular function. Skin cells are distinctly different from liver cells which are different from bladder cells. An organ is composed of various cells working in unison to carry out a body function. Cells eventually get old and die. New cells are created by cell division. When cells are behaving normally, they only generate enough new cells to replace the old dying ones. Occasionally, cell growth becomes unchecked. As the cells continue to divide, a tumor (abnormal growth of cells) may form. Such tumors may be benign (no ability to spread beyond their organ of origin) or cancerous (a malignant tumor with the ability to spread beyond their organ of origin and cause harm and possibly death).

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HOW CAN I TELL IF MY BLADDER CANCER IS LIKELY TO SPREAD?

Larger tumors are more likely to spread than smaller tumors. Another critical concern is the grade of the tumor. Normal cells are specialized, differentiated to perform specific function, and have a typical structural arrangement with surrounding cells. As cancers worsen, the cells become less specialized, less differentiated, and lose their normal structural arrangement, resulting in a higher pathologic grade.

In the case of bladder cancer, pathologists classify them into 3 grades based on a number of criteria:

Grade 1: low grade, well differentiated Grade 2: intermediate grade, moderately differentiated Grade 3: high grade, poorly differentiated The higher grade tumors have a greater propensity to metastasize- spread throughout the body.

For bladder cancer, another key indicator for likelihood to spread is the depth of penetration into the bladder wall. The bladder wall is composed of an inner lining called the urothelium (made up of transitional cells) which rests on a membrane layer called the basement membrane, below which is the connective tissue layer (support tissues) called the lamina propria. Within the lamina propria lies a small amount of muscle called the muscularis mucosa. Deep to the lamina propria is the deep muscle of the bladder arranged in three layers. This layer is called the muscularis propria. Tumors located in the inside, superficial layers of the bladder wall are unlikely to spread. Tumors that grow into the deeper layers (down into the muscle of the bladder wall) are much more likely to spread. Furthermore, there is a definite link between the grade of the tumor and its likelihood of invasion. Low grade tumors are almost always noninvasive, while high grade tumors are usually invasive. In general, papillary tumors, which are delicate and frond like in appearance are usually low grade and superficial. This is to be contrasted to sessile tumors which appear solid, are often high grade and invasive. Depth of invasion is critical in establishing prognosis. The tumor which invades into the lamina propria is a far more serious tumor than the superficial tumor which demonstrates no invasion. It has a much higher propensity to progress to the muscle invasive tumor, a much more dangerous cancer, with a high risk for spreading beyond the bladder. For further information see Chapter 6.

 

 

Our use of the term or terms Actos Side Effects is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Mesothelioma Lawyer Breaking News

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Mesothelioma Lawyer : Simian virus 40, or SV40, is a virus that has been asso­ciated with the development of malignant mesothe­lioma. This virus is found in rhesus monkeys and is now widespread among humans. The way this virus was transferred from monkeys to humans is uncertain, but it is postulated that some of the transfer occurred from 1954 to 1963 through SV40-contaminated polio vaccines administered worldwide. Those people who received the injectable form of the polio vaccine are believed to be those at greatest risk. This vaccine doesn’t folly explain the transfer of this virus, because many humans who could not have received the contaminated vaccines are now infected with the SV40 virus. One theory that has been proposed is that the SV40 virus continues to be transferred from monkeys to humans or that humans can pass the virus from person to per­son. Propecia Lawsuit

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The latter theory has been supported by data showing that SV40 can be excreted in human feces, breast milk, and semen. It is unlikely that this virus acts alone in the development of mesothelioma as most cancers have multiple risk factors associated with their development, and most mesotheliomas occur in asbestos exposed individuals. Instead, it is more likely that asbestos and SV40 may act together to develop into mesothelioma. Although rare, cases of mesothelioma have been found following radiation exposure to the chest and abdomen. These individuals were usually treated in the past with radiation therapy for a malignancy of the lymph glands known as lymphoma.

Lastly, there is an indication that a person’s own genes can play an important role in determining who is sus­ceptible, or vulnerable, to these mineral fibers and will then develop mesothelioma. It is hoped that doctors will be able to find the specific susceptibility gene in the future and that this may lead to the development of new prevention and treatment strategies to better control this disease. Exposure to asbestos is the link to the development of mesothelioma. People who end up with this disease usually have had some type of previous exposure to asbestos. How this works is not fully understood. It is thought that asbestos fibers are inhaled and first travel through the upper air passages, which include the throat, the trachea (windpipe), and the large bronchi (large breathing tubes of the lungs). These airways are lined with mucus, and therefore most of the fibers are cleared from these upper airways by sticking to this mucus and being coughed up or swallowed. When the fibers continue to travel and reach the small airways (the alveoli), the body’s immune system is able to sur­round, engulf, and remove the smaller fibers by a process known as phagocytosis. Actos Lawsuit

 

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The large, long, thin fibers cannot be cleared as easily and may eventually reach the pleura (the lining of the lung and the chest wall), where they may irritate and injure the cells and lead to the development of calcium containing plate­like structures on the pleural lining (pleural plaques), fibrosis (scar tissue formation), or mesothelioma. These same asbestos fibers can also damage cells in the lung itself, which can lead to asbestosis (scar tissue in the lung) and/or lung cancer. Patients with these pleu­ral plaques seem to be at highest risk for developing mesothelioma.

The best way to prevent mesothelioma is to decrease one’s exposure to asbestos in the workplace, at home, and in the environment. The federal government is responsible for developing regulations that deal with asbestos exposure in the workplace. The agency that issues these regulations is known as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Employ­ers are required to follow these regulations, and there­fore workers who are concerned about asbestos exposure should be discussing these concerns with their employers or union. Also, employees should be using all protective equipment provided to them by their employers and following recommended safety procedures and practices while at work.

Our use of the term or terms Mesothelioma Lawyer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos and Bladder Cancer Scoop

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Actos and Bladder Cancer: For the practicing urologist it is often difficult to inform the patient on muscle invasive bladder cancer and the often need for radical surgery and some kind of urinary diversion to follow; however, it is even more elaborate to do so in case of a nonmuscle invasive tumor where the evidence calls for radical treatment. In Chap. 15, Waalkes, Merseburger, and Kuczyk present pathologies where a radical treat­ment is strongly advised.In Chapters 16-18 focus various aspects of cystectomy. In Chap. 16, radical surgery of the bladder is discussed by Dr. Gschwend. The improvement in surgical techniques had led this formerly challenging procedure into a more standardized one. Chapter 17 includes urinary diversion by Drs. Richard and Stefan Hautmann. The ileal neobladder has become one of the worldwide chosen procedures for con­tinent orthotopic urinary diversion. Chapter 18, laparoscopic cystectomy by Dr. John, is the latest evolvement in bladder surgery and covers innovative tech­niques as well as the well-established surgical routines in radical treatment of invasive bladder cancer.

 

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In 2010, only 5% of all urologists are performing neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer, hence the 5% survival benefit in5 years and possible down staging of the tumor. Dr. Sherif guides us along the current literature and discusses the pros and cons of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Diagnosis and treatment of upper tract tumors is challenging and Chap. 20 by Dr. Remzi discusses the basics as well as recent advances in this field. In Chap. 21, De Santis and Bachner focus on the development and optimal use of new regimens for systemic agents as well as standard treatment options for the treatment of meta­static urinary carcinoma in the areas of targeted drugs. Options for “unfit” patients and elderly as well as in second-line setting are discussed. In Chap. 22 non-TCC tumors: Diagnosis and treatment is discussed by Dr. Abol-Enein. He focuses mainly on the squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the bladder.

We hope that this brief synopsis of the topics covered in each chapter will encourage the readers to use this book for a general read on bladder cancer and as a reference guide for specific molecular and clinical aspects of bladder cancer. We again thank the authors for contributing to this project. We thank our Mr. Michael Koy, production editor at Springer and Spi Editorial Department, India for helping us in the publication of this book. We would like to thank Brian Halm of Springer for helping us with the publication of this book.

 

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Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) is a worldwide health problem. In 2006 in Europe, there were an estimated 104,400 incident cases of BC diagnosed (82,800 in men and 21,600 in women) that represent a 6.6% of the total cancers in men and 2.1% in women.Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of death, and especially involved with BC carcinogenesis. Tobacco smoking is the most well-established risk factor for BC, causing around 50%-65% of male cases and 20%-30% of female cases.

Occupational exposure has been considered the second most important risk factor for BC. Work related cases account for a 20%-25% of all BC cases in several series.

In addition, chronic urinary tract infection had been related to BC, particularly, with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Bladder schistosomiasis has particularly- been considered by the international agency for research on cancer (IARC) as a definitive cause or urinary BC with an associated fivefold risk.

 

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Multaq and Liver Damage Information

By admin | Published January 25, 2012

Multaq and Liver Damage: The most effective treatment of chronic HCV is antiviral ther- apy—that is, medication that targets a virus. Interferon, a widely known antiviral discussed earlier in this chapter, is the treatment of choice for chronic HCV. Pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin-—-the most common treatment-—is the most effective treatment for chronic hepatitis C, but the side effects can be substantial. Flulike symp­toms (fever, chills, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, weakness) are common, and doctors will prescribe medications to combat these symptoms if they become debilitating. It is also important for patients to maintain their activity levels to build a little muscle and be able to muster the energy to get through the day. Adequate fluid intake is also essential. This is a simple and often overlooked strategy. Many patients report that substantially increasing their daily fluid intake is the most effective method in combating the fiulike side effects that plague pegylated interferon therapy.

Depression, insomnia, irritability, and even confusion are expe­rienced by more than half of patients undergoing interferon ther­apy. The depression is considered to be somewhat different from classic major depression, but afflicted patients may benefit from a course of antidepressants such as citalopram (brand name Celexa) or sertraline (brand name Zoloft).

Other side effects that don’t seem to follow any regular pattern include headaches, vision problems or dry eyes, weight changes, brictle nails, insomnia, changes in blood levels, a burning sen­sation in the mouth (known as stomatitis), decreased sex drive, and menstrual irregularities. To some degree, these symptoms are manageable. But in some patients, the side effects can be severe, and supportive medications are able only to “take the edge off” Although treatment may be difficult, physicians who regularly treat chronic hepatitis C are well versed in managing side effects. Key to successful outcome is maintaining the proper dose of medication to ensure that patients have the best possible chance to permanendy rid their bodies of the virus.

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Because of chronic HCV’s complicated makeup—-the genotypes outlined above—pegylated interferon therapy must be custom­ized to each patient. Therapy duration is dictated by the genotype. Pegylated interferon is used, if possible, in combination with riba­virin. The only time ribavirin is not used is when there is a medical contra-indication, such as chronic kidney (renal) failure requiring dialysis or a severe allergy to ribavirin. How well the patient responds to antiviral treatment is determined by two simple lab tests. The first is the alanine transaminase (ALT) test. When the ALT decreases and returns to a normal level, it is referred to as a biochemical response. This does not always occur, but it is a con­sidered a good sign. The most important test in determining treat­ment success is the HCV RNA, or viral load test. The decline in the viral load is the most crucial aspect of therapy. Typically, a patient is tested at the outset, to determine a baseline or pre-treatment viral load, and then retested to measure against the subsequent viral loads as treatment progresses.

Four weeks after treat­ment begins, first viral load is measured. If a patient’s viral load is un-detectable at one month, the results are called a rapid virologie response, or RVR. People who achieve an RVR are called super responders. They have an excellent chance of eradicating the virus after they complete their treatment. A small subset of patients who achieve an RVR can sometimes stop treatment early. The deter­mination to stop treatment early is made on a case-by-case basis, and the patient should be informed of the pros (shorter treatment duration, lower cost, and less side effects) and cons (slightly lesser chance for sustained response) of this approach.

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After 12 weeks (three months) of therapy, viral load is mea­sured again. The outcome of this viral load test is referred to by different names, depending on the results. When the virus is unde­tectable after three months of therapy, the condition is described as a complete early virologie response (cEVR). If the viral load has declined by two logs but is still detectable, the data is referred to as a partial early virologic response (pEVR).

People who achieve a partial or complete early virologic response continue drug therapy. Those who do not achieve a two-log reduc­tion after 12 weeks are called nonresponders (NRs). Unfortunately, nonresponders have less than a 3 percent chance of achieving a sustained viral response even if they complete the full course of therapy. Therefore, therapy is stopped for nonresponders after three months if they do not obtain a two-log reduction.

For patients who remain on therapy, the next viral load test is taken after six months (24 weeks) of therapy. If this test indicates a detectable viral load, as a rule, treatment is stopped because these patients will not achieve treatment success even if they complete a full 48 weeks of therapy.

After 48 weeks of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, another viral load test is performed. Referred to as the end-of-treatment response (ETR), this viral load measurement marks the end of therapy and the beginning of a waiting game. For treatment to be considered a success, the viral load must remain negative for at least six months after the end of therapy. Unfortunately, some patients relapse and test positive during this six-month period. Relapsers should follow up and discuss their situation with a hepatologist and consider options such as enrollment in research clinical trials of new and experimental therapies can be considered.

Our use of the term or terms Multaq and Liver Damage is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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